<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Pilot Study">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">international-journal-of-forensic-legal-and-health-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Forensic, Legal, and Health Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">3139-5236</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">Awaited</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>SPJ PUBLICATION</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.62502/ ijflhs/v1i3art1</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detection of Pollen Adherence on Different Fabrics Using Digital Microscopy: A Pilot Study with Bougainvillea Glabra and Parthenium Hysterophorus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S</surname>
            <given-names>Gunashree B</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Forensic Science, Soundarya Institute of Management and Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K</surname>
            <given-names>Shri Lakshmi</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Forensic Science, Kristu Jayanti, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rajan</surname>
            <given-names>Athira Vimal</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Criminology and Forensic Sciences, Karunya Deemed University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Devan</surname>
            <given-names>Vishnu Priya</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Forensic Science, Kristu Jayanti, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Katare</surname>
            <given-names>Nandini</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Forensic Science, Kristu Jayanti, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>7</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Background: Pollen transferred to clothing can link a person or object to an outdoor scene, but its evidential value depends on how well different fabrics retain grains after disturbance.Objective: To document the adherence of pollen from Bougainvillea glabra and Parthenium hysterophorus on four commonly used fabrics (cotton, terry-cotton, crepe and georgette) and to describe the fraction retained after mechanical disturbance by vortexing.Methods: Fabric squares (5 × 5 cm) were imaged with a Miscope digital microscope (Zarbeco LLC; 100×) before and after pollen application. Pollen was dusted directly from flowers onto the fabrics, and grains were counted manually, segment by segment. The samples were then vortexed (5 min, 2800 rpm) and recounted under identical settings. Three replicates were used per species–fabric combination. Retention was expressed as the percentage of grains remaining after vortexing, with exact (Clopper–Pearson) 95% confidence intervals.Results: A total of 163 grains were counted before vortexing (57 B. glabra; 106 P. hysterophorus). Overall retention was 68.4% (95% CI 54.8–80.1) for B. glabra and 76.4% (95% CI 67.2–84.1) for P. hysterophorus. For B. glabra, retention was 100% on crepe and georgette (n = 8 and 4 grains, respectively), 64.1% on terry-cotton and 33.3% on cotton. For P. hysterophorus, retention was highest on cotton (92.6%), followed by georgette (81.8%), terry-cotton (76.3%) and crepe (60.0%). Terry-cotton carried the most B. glabra grains before vortexing (39).Conclusions: In this pilot study, the ranking of fabrics by retention differed between the two species, which suggests, as a hypothesis for further testing, that pollen type and fabric properties interact. The small counts and the absence of replicate-level data preclude formal statistical comparison.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Forensic Palynology</kwd>
        <kwd>, Pollen Retention</kwd>
        <kwd>Trace Evidence</kwd>
        <kwd>Fabrics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>license</meta-name>
          <meta-value>CC BY-NC 4.0</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
