Wearable Biosensors for Real-Time Health Monitoring

Background: Wearable biosensors have rapidly emerged as powerful tools for real-time health monitoring, enabling continuous assessment of physiological and biochemical parameters outside traditional clinical environments. Advances in sensor miniaturization, wireless communication, and data analytics have expanded their applications across preventive healthcare, chronic disease management, and personalized medicine. Despite growing adoption, challenges remain regarding accuracy, data integration, user compliance, and clinical validation.

Aim: This review aims to summarize recent developments in wearable biosensor technologies, evaluate their clinical applications, and discuss current limitations and future directions in real-time health monitoring.

Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles published between 2018 and 2025. Electronic databases were searched for studies related to wearable biosensors, physiological and biochemical monitoring, system design, and clinical implementation. A total of 25 eligible articles were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Extracted data were analyzed qualitatively to identify trends in sensor types, monitored parameters, clinical use cases, and technological challenges.

Results: The reviewed studies demonstrated significant progress in wearable platforms for monitoring heart rate, physical activity, blood oxygen saturation, glucose, sweat biomarkers, and electrocardiographic signals. Most devices employed electrochemical, optical, or piezoelectric sensing mechanisms integrated with mobile health systems. Clinical applications were predominantly focused on cardiovascular monitoring, diabetes management, and fitness tracking. However, variability in sensor accuracy, limited battery life, data privacy concerns, and lack of large-scale clinical validation were consistently reported across studies.

Conclusion: Wearable biosensors represent a transformative approach to real-time health monitoring, offering continuous, non-invasive, and personalized healthcare solutions. While technological advancements continue to improve device performance and usability, further efforts are required to enhance standardization, ensure data security, and establish robust clinical evidence.