Climate Change Impacts on Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Health: A Multidisciplinary Mini-Review

Climate change is increasingly recognized as a major driver of ecological transformation across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. Among the most sensitive biological components affected are microbial communities, which play fundamental roles in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, soil fertility, and ecosystem resilience. Alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, and extreme climatic events are reshaping microbial diversity, distribution, and functional capacity. This mini-review synthesizes current evidence on how climate change influences microbial communities and explores the cascading consequences for ecosystem health. Integrating perspectives from microbiology, ecology, environmental science, and biogeochemistry, the review highlights emerging trends, adaptive microbial responses, and future research priorities.